File Permissions: chmod

Every file in Linux has permissions that control who can read, write, or execute it.

Understanding Permissions

Run ls -l and you'll see something like: -rw-r--r--

• First character: - = file, d = directory
• Next 3: owner permissions (rwx = read/write/execute)
• Next 3: group permissions
• Last 3: everyone else permissions

Changing Permissions

• chmod +x script.sh — make a file executable
• chmod 755 script.sh — owner: rwx, group: r-x, others: r-x
• chmod 644 file.txt — owner: rw-, group: r--, others: r--

Your Task

A script file deploy.sh exists but is not executable. Make it executable so it can be run, then verify by listing it with ls -l deploy.sh. The output should show an x in the permissions.